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Klik på et bogstav for at se de begreber, der er forklaringer til.
- ACE-hæmmere: Angiotensin Converting Enzyme hæmmere. ACE-hæmmere nedsætter aktiviteten af renin-angiotensin-aldosteron-systemet ved at hæmme omdannelsen af angiotensin I til II, hvorved universel vasodilatation uden sympatikusaktivering indtræder og medfører fald i blodtrykket. Anvendes typisk mod forhøjet blodtryk og hjerteinsufficiens.
- Antacida: Stoffer der neutraliserer syre produceret i mavesækken. Eller: Syreneutraliserende stoffer, der medfører neutralisering af mavesækkens pH.
- AUC: Area under the curve. Det grafiske areal under en plasmakoncentrations-tids-kurve for et lægemiddel. AUC bruges til at beskrive, hvordan kroppen eksponeres for et givent lægemiddel og anvendes til at estimere biotilgængeligheden og clearence.
- BID: Medicinsk forkortelse for bis in die = to gange dagligt.
- Biotilgængelighed, F: Den del af et oralt administreret lægemiddel, der i forhold til en intravenøs dosis når det systemiske kredsløb. Omfatter også den hastighed, hvormed dette sker. Biotilgængelighed omfatter både absorptionen over tarmvæggen (absorptionen sensu strictiori) og en evt. førstepassagemetabolisme.
- Bredspektret antibiotika: Antibiotika med virkning på et bredt spektrum af mikroorganismer, i modsætning til smalspektrede antibiotika, der kun er virksomme over for specifikke typer af mikroorganismer.
- Clearance (Cl): Forholdet mellem et lægemiddels (eller andet stofs) eliminationshastighed (mængde per tidsenhed) og dets koncentration i plasma (eller blod).
Clearance er konstant, dvs. koncentrations-uafhængig, for stoffer, der elimineres efter en 1. ordens-reaktion. Clearance bestemmer sammen med fordelingsrummet halveringstiden. Clearance fra forskellige eliminationsorganer er additiv.
- Cmax: Den maksimale koncentration i plasma, der opnås efter lægemiddelindgift.
Ved i.v. indgift er Cmax lig Co, mens Cmax efter peroral indgift oftest først opnås efter 1-2 timer (tmax).
- CYP P450: Cytochrom-P450. Enzymsystem, som metaboliserer adskillige lægemidler via oxidering.
Oxidering udgør den kvantitativt dominerende eliminationsvej for lægemidler. CYP-enzymerne forekommer i særlig høj koncentration i leveren.
- Fald i clearance: Lægemidlet tager længere tid at få renset ud af kroppen.
- Halveringstid, t1/2: Den tid, det tager organismen (efter fordeling) at eliminere halvdelen af den tilbageværende mængde lægemiddel i kroppen.
Størrelsen er konstant og koncentrationsuafhængig for lægemidler med 1. ordens-elimination.
- Hepatisk: Vedr. leveren.
- Hypertension: Forhøjet blodtryk.
- Hypoglykæmi: Lavt blodsukker. Symptomer optræder ofte ved blodsukker lavere end 2,5 mmol/L.
- Hypotension: Lavt blodtryk.
- Hypothyreose: Nedsat funktion af skjoldbruskkirtlen som fører til nedsat dannelse af hormon (thyroxin) og dermed for lavt stofskifte.

- Inducerende lægemiddel: Når et lægemiddel forårsager øget omsætning af et andet lægemiddel via induktion af f.eks. CYP450.
- Induktion: Øget omsætning af et lægemiddel via induktion af f.eks. CYP450.
- INR: International normalized ratio. INR er en standardiseringsmetode til sammenligning af koagulationstider (protrombintider, PT). INR er således et mål for blodets evne til at koagulere.
INR har til formål at minimere forskellene mellem tromboplastinreagenser ved hjælp af en kalibreringsproces, hvor alle kommercielle tromboplastiner sammenlignes med et internationalt referencemateriale. INR beregnes således: INR=((Patient PT)/(Middel normal PT))^ISI , og fortæller dermed hvor lang koagulationstiden er i forhold til den normale koagulationstid.
- ISI: International Sensitivity Index. Protrombintid målt med forskellige tromboplastiner kan ikke sammenlignes direkte med hinanden, f.eks. fordi sensitiviteten over for koagulationsfaktorer kan variere. For at få koagulationstider, der er så sammenlignelige som muligt, godkendte Verdenssundhedsorganisationen (WHO) i 1983 en standard reference-tromboplastin. Alle producenter af tromboplastin skal kalibrere deres reagens over for WHOs standard. Den fundne værdi betegnes International Sensitivity Index (ISI), og bruges til at beregne INR.
- Iskæmi: Ophævet eller nedsat blodforsyning af et væv i forhold til dets behov.
- Isoenzymer: Forskellige udtryksformer for et enzym. Opstår pga. af forskellige allelle gener. Eksempler ses inden for det lægemiddelomsættende system CYP450, hvor isoenzymer f.eks. er 2D6, 3A4 og 2C9.
- Kasuistik: I lægevidenskab en offentliggjort beskrivelse af et enkelt eller få sygdomstilfælde (casus (lat.): ”tilfælde, sag”).
- Lipidsænkende lægemidler: Lægemidler, der sænker visse af blodets fedtstoffer – kolesterolsænkende.
- Metabolisme: Metabolisme eller stofskifte er en generel betegnelse for den biokemiske omsætning af kemiske forbindelser i den levende organisme og dens celler. Bruges synonymt med biotransformation.
- P-gp: Permeability glycoprotein. P-gp er et cellemembran-protein, som er tilstede i epithelceller i bl.a. tarm, lever og nyrer, hvor det transporterer fremmede substanser fra blodet og ud i hhv. tarmen, galdegange og nyretubuli.
- Plasma: Plasma er den fraktion af blodet, der ikke indeholder celler. Plasma indeholder forskellige næringsstoffer, hormoner, antistoffer, koagulationsfaktorer og salte. 95% af plasma består af vand.
- PO: Per os. Via munden.
- PN medicinering: Pro re nata medicinering. Medicin, der gives efter behov.
- PT: Protrombintid. Tiden, det tager plasma at koagulere, efter tilsætning af tromboplastin (også kaldet tissue factor). Protrombintiden bruges til at vurdere blodets koagulationsevne, og anvendes især til monitorering af antikoagulationsbehandling.
- qd: Quaque die. Hver dag.
- QID: Quater in die. Fire gange dagligt.
- Renal: (af lat. renalis), vedr. nyrerne.
- Respirationsdepression: Respirationsdepression (også kaldet hypoventilation) er når frekvensen eller dybden af respirationen er utiltrækkelig til at opretholde den nødvendige gasudveksling i lungerne.
- Serotonergt syndrom: Et symptomkompleks, der skyldes overstimulering i centralnervesystemet med serotonergt aktive substanser. Symptomerne er muskelrykninger, skælven, kvalme, diarré, sved og forvirring.
- Serum: Plasma uden koagulationsfaktorer.
- SID: Semel in die. Én gang dagligt.
- SmPC: SmPC står for Summary of Product Characteristics, og er det engelske udtryk for produktresumé.
- TID: Ter in die. Tre gange dagligt.
- tmax: Det tidspunkt, hvor den maksimale plasmakoncentration af et lægemiddel indtræder. Des hurtigere absorptionshastighed, des mindre tmax.
- Total clearance: Summen af hepatisk og renal clearance. I hvilken grad disse fraktioner bidrager afhænger af, om lægemidlet primært udskilles renalt eller også undergår fase I (f.eks. via CYP) og fase II (f.eks. glukuronidering) biotransformation i leveren.
- UGT: Uridine 5'-diphospho-glucuronosyltransferase, eller UDP- glucuronosyltransferase. Glucuronyltransferaser er enzymer, som foretager konjugering (glucuronidering) af mange lægemidler og lægemiddelmetabolitter, hvorved de omdannes til stoffer, der er lettere at udskille.
- Vasodilatation: Udvidelse af kar.
- Vasokonstriktion: Sammentrækning af kar.
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Formålet med Interaktionsdatabasen er at gøre behandlingen med lægemidler mere effektiv og sikker, og fremme kvaliteten i patientbehandlingen, herunder bidrage til rationel farmakoterapi. Det har været til hensigt at udvikle et redskab, der er let at anvende i den kliniske hverdag og, hvor der på højt fagligt niveau er skabt konsensus om rekommandationer og beskrivelser af interaktioner mellem lægemidler.
Interaktionsdatabasens primære evidensgrundlag er offentligt publicerede, peer-reviewed original interaktionslitteratur (kliniske studier udført på mennesker og kasuistikker) publiceret i PubMed og Embase.
Der vil således kunne forekomme uoverensstemmelse mellem andre opslagsværker, som er opbygget efter andre principper og evidenskriterier.
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Etableringen af Interaktionsdatabasen var et fælles projekt mellem Danmarks Apotekerforening, Den Almindelige Danske Lægeforening, Dansk Lægemiddel Information A/S og Institut for Rationel Farmakoterapi. En projektleder og 2 farmaceuter stod for opbygningen af databasen bistået af et fagligt videnskabeligt udvalg. Desuden har der været tilknyttet eksperter indenfor forskellige fagområder. Efter en årrække under Sundhedsstyrelsen overtog Lægemiddelstyrelsen i 2015 driften og vedligeholdelsen af databasen.
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Vær opmærksom på, at alle anbefalinger på Interaktionsdatabasen.dk er vejledende.
Hjemmesiden giver desuden ikke oplysninger om bivirkninger ved hvert enkelt præparat. Her henviser vi til indlægssedlen i det enkelte præparat eller til Lægemiddelstyrelsens produktresuméer.
Der kan forekomme bivirkninger, du ikke kan finde informationer om her. Dem vil vi opfordre dig til at indberette til Lægemiddelstyrelsen. Det kan du gøre på:
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I denne database er lægemiddelinteraktion defineret som en ændring i enten farmakodynamikken og/eller farmakokinetikken af et lægemiddel forårsaget af samtidig behandling med et andet lægemiddel.
Interaktionsdatabasen medtager farmakodynamiske interaktioner, der ikke er umiddelbart indlysende additive (fx med forskellig virkningsmekanisme), og som kan have væsentlig klinisk betydning.
Andre faktorer, som interagerer med eller ændrer lægemiddelvirkningen så som næringsmidler (f.eks. fødemidler og kosttilskud) og nydelsesmidler (f.eks. alkohol og tobak), er ikke medtaget. Dog er medtaget lægemiddelinteraktioner med grapefrugtjuice, tranebærjuice og visse naturlægemidler.
Interaktionsdatabasens primære evidensgrundlag er offentligt publicerede, peer-reviewed original interaktionslitteratur (kliniske studier udført på mennesker samt kasuistikker) publiceret i PubMed og Embase. Desuden er interaktioner hvor data er beskrevet i produktresuméer medtaget.
I Interaktionsdatabasen findes fem forskellige symboler:
- Det røde symbol (tommelfingeren, der peger nedad) betyder, at den pågældende præparatkombination bør undgås. Denne anbefaling bliver givet i tilfælde hvor det vurderes, at den kliniske betydning er udtalt, og hvor dosisjustering ikke er mulig, eller hvis der er ligeværdige alternativer til et eller begge af de interagerende stoffer. Det røde symbol vælges også i tilfælde, hvor der vurderes at være ringe dokumenteret effekt af et eller begge stoffer, (hvor anvendelse derfor ikke findes strengt nødvendig), f.eks. for visse naturlægemidler.
- Det gule symbol (den løftede pegefinger) betyder, at kombinationen kan anvendes under visse forholdsregler. Denne anbefaling gives i tilfælde, hvor det vurderes, at den kliniske betydning er moderat til udtalt, samtidig med at den negative kliniske effekt af interaktionen kan modvirkes, enten gennem ned- eller opjustering af dosis, eller ved at forskyde indtagelsestidspunktet for det ene præparat. Anbefalingen gives også, hvis det vurderes, at kombinationen kan anvendes under forudsætning af øget opmærksomhed på effekt og/eller bivirkninger.
- Det grønne symbol (tommelfingeren, der peger opad) betyder, at kombinationen kan anvendes. Denne anbefaling gives i tilfælde, hvor det vurderes, at den kliniske betydning er uvæsentlig eller ikke tilstede.
- Det blå symbol (udråbstegnet) fremkommer i tilfælde, hvor der søges på et specifikt præparat eller en præparatkombination, som ikke findes beskrevet i Interaktionsdatabasen, men hvor der findes andre beskrevne interaktioner mellem stoffer i stofgruppen, som muligvis kan være relevante for søgningen.
- Det grå symbol (spørgsmålstegnet) fremkommer i tilfælde, hvor der er søgt på et præparat eller en præparatkombination, som (endnu) ikke er beskrevet i Interaktionsdatabasen, og hvor der heller ikke findes beskrivelser af andre præparatkombinationer mellem de to stofgrupper. En manglende beskrivelse er ensbetydende med, at Lægemiddelstyrelsen ikke har kendskab til videnskabelige undersøgelser, der undersøger en interaktion mellem den pågældende præparatkombination, og heller ikke til kasuistiske beskrivelser af en mulig interaktion. Der kan også være tale om en kombination, hvor der ikke kan drages konklusioner på baggrund af nuværende viden.
Opdatering af databasens faglige indhold foregår via litteratursøgninger som leveres via Det Kongelige Bibliotek. Litteratursøgningerne er struktureret efter veldefinerede søgekriterier og bliver løbende evalueret. Endvidere foretages yderligere håndsøgning i referencelister som kvalitetssikring af litteratursøgningerne.
Databasen bliver opdateret løbende.
Lægemiddelstyrelsens enhed Regulatorisk & Generel Medicin står for opdatering og vedligehold af Interaktionsdatabasens indhold.
Vedligehold og opdatering af databasen foretages af den faglige arbejdsgruppe, som består af 1 akademisk medarbejder og 2 studerende.
Arbejdsgruppen samarbejder med en deltidsansat speciallæge i klinisk farmakologi omkring den kliniske vurdering af lægemiddelinteraktionerne.
Interaktionsdatabasen er et opslagsværktøj, der beskriver evidensbaserede interaktioner, det vil sige interaktioner, der er dokumenteret ved publicerede kliniske studier og/eller kasuistikker. Der vil således kunne forekomme uoverensstemmelse mellem andre opslagsværker, som er opbygget efter andre principper og evidenskriterier.
Der inkluderes kun interaktioner fra offentligt publicerede, peer-reviewed original interaktionslitteratur (kliniske studier udført på mennesker samt kasuistikker) publiceret i PubMed og Embase. Desuden er interaktioner hvor data er beskrevet i produktresuméer også medtaget. Det tilstræbes at databasen opdateres snarest efter publicering, men der kan forekomme forsinkelser.
Interaktionsdatabasen beskriver interaktioner for markedsførte lægemidler, naturlægemidler samt stærke vitaminer og mineraler. I interaktionsbeskrivelserne skelnes som udgangspunkt ikke mellem forskellige dispenseringsformer. For udvalgte lægemidler skelnes dog mellem dermatologiske og systemiske formuleringer. Handelsnavnene for stærke vitaminer og mineraler, naturlægemidler samt lægemidler som ikke figurerer på medicinpriser.dk (dvs. SAD præparater) kan ikke findes på interaktionsdatabasen.
Interaktionsdatabasen omhandler ikke kosttilskud, vacciner, parenteral ernæring, elektrolytvæsker, lægemidler uden systemisk effekt og priktest (ALK).
Ja, du kan slå både lægemidler, naturlægemidler, stærke vitaminer, mineraler og enkelte frugtjuice op.
Naturlægemidler er en særlig gruppe lægemidler, der typisk indeholder tørrede planter eller plantedele, udtræk af planter eller andre naturligt forekommende bestanddele. Naturlægemidler er i lovgivningen defineret som "lægemidler, hvis indholdsstoffer udelukkende er naturligt forekommende stoffer i koncentrationer, der ikke er væsentligt større end dem, hvori de forekommer i naturen". Naturlægemidler skal godkendes af Lægemiddelstyrelsen inden de må sælges.
Stærke vitaminer og mineraler er en gruppe lægemidler, hvis indholdsstoffer udelukkende er vitaminer og/eller mineraler, og hvor indholdet af vitamin eller mineral er væsentligt højere end det normale døgnbehov hos voksne mennesker. Stærke vitaminer og mineraler kan kun godkendes til at forebygge og helbrede såkaldte mangeltilstande (og altså ikke til at behandle sygdomme). Stærke vitaminer og mineraler må kun sælges i Danmark, hvis de er godkendt af Lægemiddelstyrelsen.
Ja, du kan søge på så mange lægemidler/indholdsstoffer, du ønsker samtidig. Det gør du ved at bruge søgeboksen til højre på forsiden med overskriften ”Søg på flere præparater i kombination”. Her kan du tilføje flere felter med knappen nederst. Hvis du søger på kombinationer med mere end to slags lægemidler/indholdsstoffer, skal du være opmærksom på, at du ikke kun får ét resultat, men et antal 1+1 kombinationer. Et eksempel: Hvis du søger på samtidig brug af en p-pille, et blodtrykssænkende lægemiddel og et sovemiddel, får du 3 mulige resultater:
A: kombinationen af p-pille og blodtrykssænkende lægemiddel
B: kombinationen af p-pille og sovemiddel
C: kombinationen af blodtrykssænkende lægemiddel og sovemiddel
Du får de parvise kombinationer, der er videnskabeligt undersøgt.
Nej, du skal ikke angive dosis (500mg paracetamol) eller interval (2xdaglig), når du skal søge på et præparat eller indholdsstof. Det er kun selve præparatnavnet eller navnet på indholdsstoffet, du skal skrive. Vælg eventuelt bare navnet fra listen.
Det er desværre sådan, at der indtil videre kun kan søges på indholdsstof, når det gælder naturlægemidler.
Dette sker, når du søger på et kombinationspræparat. Når du søger på et kombinationspræparat, får du præsenteret et resultat for hvert af disse indholdsstoffer.
Indholdet i databasen er resultatet af grundige vurderinger af videnskabelige artikler og konklusioner fra humane forsøg. Hvis du kun får én interaktion på trods af, at du har indtastet flere præparater eller indholdsstoffer, skyldes det, at der endnu ikke er beskrevet (eller fundet) interaktioner af de andre indholdsstoffer i den videnskabelige litteratur.
På Lægemiddelstyrelsens hjemmeside, og i månedsbladet Rationel Farmakoterapi, juni 2015.
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Lægemiddelstyrelsen
Axel Heides Gade 1
2300 København S
Tlf.nr 44 88 95 95
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Interaktionsoplysninger
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Interaktionsoplysninger for calcium og ofloxacin |
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Ofloxacin bør indtages minimum 2 timer før calcium.
Calcium danner kemiske forbindelser (chelater) med ofloxacin, hvilket mindsker absorptionen af ofloxacin. Hvorvidt denne interaktion er klinisk relevant er dog endnu ikke afklaret. 2 studier har ikke kunnet påvise klinisk relevant interaktion.
mulig
begrænset dokumenteret
antacida aluminium, calcium, calciumcarbonat, cromoglicinsyre, magnesium, natriumacetat, natriumalginat, natriumchlorid, natriumcitrat, natriumdihydrogenphosphat, natriumedetat, natriumfluorid, natriumhydrogencarbonat, natriumhydroxid, natriumiodid, natriumlactat, natriumpicosulfat fluorquinoloner ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, lomefloxacin, moxifloxacin, norfloxacin, ofloxacin
Aluminium, magnesium og calcium danner forbindelser (chelater) med fluorochinoloner, hvorved absorptionen af fluorochinolonerne mindskes. Derfor bør fluorochinoloner indtages minimum 2 timer før aluminium, magnesium eller calcium.
Litteraturgennemgang - Vis
Norfloxacin og aluminium/magnesium Flere undersøgelser viser, at biotilgængeligheden af norfloxacin reduceres betydeligt, når norfloxacin tages samtidig med aluminium og magnesium. Campbell NR, Kara M et al, 1992b viser, at biotilgængeligheden af norfloxacin falder ved samtidig behandling med aluminium eller magnesium, hvilket ses ved, at urinudskillelsen af 400 mg norfloxacin hos 8 forsøgspersoner reduceres med henholdsvis 86 % og 90 %. Shiba K, Sakamoto M et al, 1995 viser, at aluminium indgivet samtidig med 200 mg norfloxacin hos 5 raske forsøgspersoner reducerer AUC af norfloxacin til under 30 % af AUC af norfloxacin uden samtidig indgift af aluminium. Nix DE, Wilton JH et al, 1990 viser i et cross-over forsøg med 12 raske forsøgspersoner, at den relative biotilgængelighed af 400 mg norfloxacin indtaget 5 min efter 30 ml Maalox (magnesium + aluminium) er 9 % i forhold til 400 mg norfloxacin indtaget uden Maalox. Derudover viser forsøget, at hvis Maalox indtages 2 timer efter norfloxacin, ses ingen signifikant reduktion i den relative biotilgængelighed af norfloxacin. En enkelt case beskriver, at den klinisk effekt nedsættes, når Maalox tages samtidig med norfloxacin Noyes M og Polk RE, 1988. Norfloxacin og calcium Nix DE, Wilton JH et al, 1990 viser, at den relative biotilgængelighed af 400 mg norfloxacin indtaget 5 min efter 30 ml calcium mikstur er ca. 37 % i forhold til norfloxacin indtaget alene. Ciprofloxacin og aluminium/magnesium Den relative biotilgængelighed af ciprofloxacin indgivet 5-10 minutter, 2 timer eller 4 timer efter Maalox nedsættes signifikant med henholdsvis 85 %, 77 % og 30 % ifølge et cross-over studie med 12 raske forsøgspersoner af Nix DE, Watson WA et al, 1989. Studiet viser yderligere, at indtagelse af Maalox enten 6 timer før eller 2 timer efter ciprofloxacin ikke ændrer biotilgængeligheden af ciprofloxacin. Ligeledes viser et randomiseret cross-over studie med 12 raske forsøgspersoner af Frost RW, Lasseter KC et al, 1992,at 1800 mg aluminium (bemærk: meget høj dosis af aluminium) indtaget 5 min før ciprofloxacin giver en relativ biotilgængelighed af ciprofloxacin på 15 %. Hoffken G, Borner K et al, 1985 viser, at biotilgængeligheden af ciprofloxacin nedsættes 94 %, når ciprofloxacin gives efter 10 doser Maalox over 24 timer. I denne undersøgelse gives Maalox i 6 gange anbefalet dosis. Ciprofloxacin og calcium Flere studier (Sahai J, Healy DP et al, 1993; Neuhofel AL, Wilton JH et al, 2002; Hoogkamer JF og Kleinbloesem CH, 1995 og Kato R, Ueno K et al, 2002) viser, at samtidig behandling med calcium og ciprofloxacin nedsætter biotilgængeligheden af ciprofloxacin med 30-50 %. Frost RW, Lasseter KC et al, 1992 viser, at den relative biotilgængelighed af ciprofloxacin nedsættes til 60 % ved samtidig behandling med calcium. I denne undersøgelse er calcium anvendt i 3 gange anbefalet døgndosis. Ofloxacin og aluminium/magnesium 2 studier viser, at biotilgængeligheden af ofloxacin ikke ændres signifikant ved samtidig behandling med aluminium, Sanchez NA, Martinez CM et al, 1994b (cross-over studie med 10 raske forsøgspersoner) og Martinez CM, Sanchez NA et al, 1991 (cross-over studie med 9 raske forsøgspersoner). Derimod er der andre studier, der viser, at biotilgængeligheden af ofloxacin ændres signifikant ved samtidig behandling med aluminium: Akerele JO og Okhamafe AO, 1991 udfører et cross-over studie med 5 raske forsøgspersoner, som indtager 200 mg ofloxacin samtidig med 500 mg aluminium. Biotilgængeligheden af ofloxacin ved samtidig indtagelse af aluminium ved måling i spyt nedsættes med 20 %. Shiba K, Sakai O et al, 1992 (cross-over studie med 6 raske forsøgspersoner) og Shiba K, Sakamoto M et al, 1995 (cross-over studie med 5 raske forsøgspersoner) viser ligeledes, at biotilgængeligheden af ofloxacin nedsættes henholdsvis 44 % og 48 % ved samtidig behandling med aluminium. En yderligere undersøgelse foretaget på patienter med kronisk bronchitis viser, at Maalox ikke ændrer Cmax for ofloxacin signifikant, Maesen FP, Davies BI et al, 1987. Akerele JO og Okhamafe AO, 1991 viser, at biotilgængeligheden af ofloxacin ikke ændres signifikant hos 5 raske forsøgspersoner, som indtager 200 mg ofloxacin samtidig med 500 mg magnesium. Shiba K, Sakai O et al, 1992 viser derimod i et cross-over studie med 6 raske forsøgspersoner en signifikant nedsættelse af biotilgængeligheden af ofloxacin på 22 % ved samtidig indtagelse af magnesium. Ofloxacin og calcium 2 undersøgelser viser, at biotilgængeligheden af ofloxacin ikke ændres ved samtidig behandling med calcium Akerele JO og Okhamafe AO, 1991 (cross-over studie med 5 raske forsøgspersoner); Shiba K, Sakai O et al, 1992 (cross-over studie med 6 raske forsøgspersoner). Flor S, Guay DR et al, 1990a (cross-over studie med 15 raske forsøgspersoner) viser, at biotilgængeligheden af ofloxacin ikke påvirkes, når behandling med henholdsvis calcium og Maalox forskydes med 2 timer. Moxifloxacin og aluminium/magnesium Aluminium og magnesium I et ikke-blindet, randomiseret cross-over studie udført med 12 raske forsøgspersoner, Stass H, Wandel C et al, 2001, undersøges det, om aluminium/magnesium påvirker absorptionen af moxifloxacin. Forsøgspersonerne fik en enkelt dosis 400 mg moxifloxacin alene eller samtidig med 10 ml Maalox. Når moxifloxacin gives samtidig med Maalox, reduceres AUC og Cmax for moxifloxacin med ca. 60 %. Indtages Maalox enten 4 timer før eller 2 timer efter moxifloxacin reduceres AUC og Cmax kun ubetydeligt. Moxifloxacin og calcium I et ikke-blindet, randomiseret cross-over studie med 12 raske forsøgspersoner, Stass H, Bottcher MF et al, 2001, undersøges det, om calcium påvirker absorptionen af moxifloxacin. Forsøgspersonerne fik en enkelt dosis 400 mg moxifloxacin alene eller samtidig med 500 mg calcium. Resultatet er, at der ikke ses nogen forskel på AUC for moxifloxacin, når moxifloxacin tages alene eller med calcium. Mekanisme: Aluminium, magnesium og calcium danner kemiske forbindelser (chelater) med fluorochinoloner, hvorved absorptionen af fluorochinolonerne mindskes, Lomaestro BM og Bailie GR, 1995.
Pai MP;Allen SE;Amsden GW, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2006, a, 5(3): :153-157; Altered steady state pharmacokinetics of levofloxacin in adult cystic fibrosis patients receiving calcium carbonate Background: Levofloxacin is used in adult patients with cystic fibrosis but its pharmacokinetics is not well characterized in this population. Patients with cystic fibrosis use calcium routinely to prevent osteoporosis. A slower intestinal transit time is common in cystic fibrosis implying that the standard 2-h spacing of minerals and levofloxacin to prevent a chelation interaction may be insufficient. The objectives of this study were to characterize the steady state pharmacokinetics of oral levofloxacin 750 mg with and without 2-h spaced calcium carbonate in patients with cystic fibrosis compared to matched healthy volunteers. Methods: In an open-label, randomized, cross-over study of five patients with cystic fibrosis and five age, sex, race, and serum creatinine matched healthy volunteers received 750 mg of oral levofloxacin alone daily for 5 days and the same dose of levofloxacin with 2-h spaced calcium carbonate supplementation 500 mg po thrice daily with meals in random sequence. Blood was collected for plasma assay of levofloxacin pre-dose, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 4, 8, 12, and 24 h after the fifth levofloxacin dose. Results: There was no significant interaction in healthy volunteers, however, when cystic fibrosis patients were given levofloxacin with 2-h spaced calcium, the maximum plasma concentration (C<inf>max</inf>) decreased by 19% and time to C<inf>max</inf> increased by 37% (p < 0.05). This difference in peak concentrations resulted in a lack of bioequivalence (C<inf>max</inf> geometric mean ratio 81.6%, 90% confidence intervals: 71.8%, 91.4%) even when levofloxacin and calcium supplements were spaced by the standard 2 h administration instruction in patients with cystic fibrosis. Conclusions: These results indicate that multivalent cations such as calcium should be maximally separated from oral levofloxacin administration in adult patients with cystic fibrosis to prevent this drug interaction, thereby better optimizing antibiotic efficacy and decreasing the potential for resistance development. < copyright > 2006 European Cystic Fibrosis Society  Sanchez NA;Martinez CM;Dominguez-Gil HA, J Antimicrob Chemother, 1994, b, 34:119-125; Comparative study of the influence of Ca2+ on absorption parameters of ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin A comparative study was undertaken to investigate the influence of calcium on the absorption of ofloxacin and ciprofloxacin. The presence of CaCO3 did not significantly lower the partition coefficients of either fluoroquinolone although values for ofloxacin were significantly higher than those for ciprofloxacin (P = 0.0085). In intestinal sacs, the presence of 5000 mg/L CaCO3 significantly reduced both the absorption constant and the fraction of absorbed dose of 2000 mg/L ciprofloxacin but not 2000 mg/L ofloxacin. When the same concentration of CaCO3 was introduced into the isolated intestinal segments of rats, the absorption of both 200 mg/L ofloxacin and 400 mg/L ciprofloxacin was reduced significantly from 49% and 35% respectively to approximately 30% in each case. Co-administration of 500 mg/L CaCO3 to healthy volunteers significantly reduced the urinary excretion of 250 mg/L ciprofloxacin but not 200 mg/L ofloxacin although neither the fraction of absorbed dose nor the half-lives were markedly affected. Calcium therefore shares the same propensity as other cations in impairing the absorption of ciprofloxacin but not ofloxacin  Stein GE, Am J Med, 1991, 91:81S-86S; Drug interactions with fluoroquinolones The fluoroquinolones are a new class of antimicrobial agents that are now widely prescribed for a number of bacterial infections. Because of their complex pharmacokinetics, there is a potential for several types of drug interactions. Currently, only two drug interactions have been well studied. These involve a decrease in absorption when fluoroquinolones are given in combination with multivalent metal cations and an inhibition in the metabolism of methylxanthines by fluoroquinolones such as ciprofloxacin, enoxacin, and norfloxacin. These drug interactions can be easily avoided. Significant decreases in the absorption of fluoroquinolones by metal cations can be prevented by staggering the doses of these drugs. To avoid alterations in methylxanthine metabolism, newer fluoroquinolones, such as lomefloxacin, ofloxacin, and temafloxacin, should be utilized; alternatively, theophylline serum levels can be carefully monitored. Several other potentially serious drug interactions involving cyclosporine, warfarin, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs have been reported, but additional investigations are required before their overall clinical significance can be fully determined. Since the use of fluoroquinolones will continue to escalate over the next decade, continued patient surveillance is necessary so that potential drug interactions can be recognized, described, and prevented  Stass H;Wandel C;Delesen H;Moller JG, Clin Pharmacokinet, 2001, 40 Suppl 1:27-32; Effect of calcium supplements on the oral bioavailability of moxifloxacin in healthy male volunteers OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of concomitant calcium administration on the pharmacokinetics and tolerability of moxifloxacin. DESIGN: This was a nonblinded, randomised, single dose, crossover study in healthy male volunteers. PARTICIPANTS: 12 healthy male Caucasians (age 24 to 45 years) were enrolled in the study. METHODS: In each of the 2 study periods, each volunteer received a single oral morning dose of moxifloxacin 400mg after an overnight fast. In 1 of the study periods, Ca2+ 500mg (Calcium-Sandoz Forte) was administered immediately before, and 12 and 24 hours after, moxifloxacin (total of 3 doses of Ca2+). The 2 study periods were separated by a washout period of at least 2 weeks. RESULTS: Moxifloxacin was well tolerated throughout the study. There was no difference in the area under the plasma concentration-time curve from zero to infinity [AUCinfinity; geometric mean (SD)] of moxifloxacin [32.2 (1.24) vs 33.0 (1.26) mg/L x h, with vs without Ca2+]. Maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) [2.29 (1.27) vs 2.71 (1.33) mg/L, with vs without Ca2+] slightly decreased by approximately 16% and the time to Cmax [median (range)] tended to be slightly prolonged [2.5 (0.8 to 3) vs 0.9 (0.5 to 2.5) hours, with vs without Ca2+]. CONCLUSIONS: The extent of absorption of moxifloxacin is not affected by concomitant Ca2+ intake, whereas the rate of absorption is slightly reduced, an effect not considered to be of clinical relevance. Hence, moxifloxacin may be administered together with Ca2+ without dosage adjustments or special recommendations  Nix DE;Watson WA;Lener ME;Frost RW;Krol G;Goldstein H;Lettieri J;Schentag JJ, Clin Pharmacol Ther, 1989, 46:700-705; Effects of aluminum and magnesium antacids and ranitidine on the absorption of ciprofloxacin The effect of an antacid (Maalox) and ranitidine administration on the absorption of ciprofloxacin was evaluated in healthy male volunteers who were enrolled in three separate studies. Each study was designed at a three- or four-period crossover and included the administration of 750 mg ciprofloxacin alone as a control treatment. Treatments that were evaluated included the administration of ciprofloxacin 5 to 10 minutes, 2 hours, 4 hours, and 6 hours after a single 30 ml dose of antacid; the administration of antacid 2 hours after ciprofloxacin was given; and the administration of ciprofloxacin 2 hours after a 200 mg ranitidine tablet. Administration of antacid within 4 hours before ciprofloxacin dose resulted in a significant decrease in ciprofloxacin absorption (p less than 0.05). Percentages of relative bioavailability compared with control values were 15.1%, 23.2%, and 70% for the 5 to 10 minute, 2 hour, and 4 hour antacid pretreatments, respectively. Administration of antacid 6 hours before or 2 hours after the ciprofloxacin dose did not affect absorption. Ranitidine did not alter ciprofloxacin absorption. Antacids that contain magnesium and aluminum salts may reduce the absorption of ciprofloxacin. The extent of this interaction appears to increase as the time between administration of the two drugs decreases. Ranitidine is suggested as an alternative to antacids for patients receiving treatment with ciprofloxacin.  Frost RW;Lasseter KC;Noe AJ;Shamblen EC;Lettieri JT, Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1992, 36:830-832; Effects of aluminum hydroxide and calcium carbonate antacids on the bioavailability of ciprofloxacin This study was designed to determine the effects of an aluminum hydroxide antacid and a calcium carbonate antacid on the bioavailability of ciprofloxacin (Cipro). Cipro (750 mg) was administered orally to 12 healthy volunteers in a three-way randomized crossover design. The three treatments included Cipro alone, four 850- mg calcium carbonate tablets taken 5 min before Cipro, and three 600-mg aluminum hydroxide tablets taken 5 min before Cipro. The relative bioavailability of Cipro when given with calcium carbonate was approximately 60% of the control value. When Cipro was given with aluminum hydroxide, the relative bioavailability was approximately 15%. Urinary recovery of Cipro in the aluminum hydroxide treatment group was approximately one-fourth of that in the calcium carbonate group. Although calcium carbonate decreased absorption to a lesser extent than aluminum hydroxide, these data suggest that antacids containing either aluminum or calcium should not be given concomitantly with Cipro  Flor S;Guay DR;Opsahl JA;Tack K;Matzke GR, Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1990, a, 34:2436-2438; Effects of magnesium-aluminum hydroxide and calcium carbonate antacids on bioavailability of ofloxacin The effects of 15- and 5-ml doses of magnesium-aluminum hydroxide (MAH) and calcium carbonate (CC) antacids, respectively, on the bioavailability of ofloxacin after single oral 400-mg doses of ofloxacin were investigated in a 32-subject, randomized, crossover, open-label study. On four separate occasions, subjects received ofloxacin alone or antacid 24 h before, 2 h before, or 2 h after ofloxacin administration (n = 16 for each antacid). CC administration had no significant effect on the rate and extent of ofloxacin absorption regardless of the timing of antacid administration. A small but significant negative effect of MAH administration 2 h before ofloxacin administration was noted as evidenced by area under the curve and peak concentration in plasma data. Simultaneous administration of ofloxacin with either antacid was not investigated in this study. It appears that MAH and CC antacids in the doses used in this study generally do not interfere in a clinically significant manner with the bioavailability of ofloxacin, provided that an interval of at least 2 h separates the administration of these products  Martinez CM;Sanchez NA;Colino Gandarillas CI;Dominguez-Gil A, Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1991, 35:2102-2105; Effects of two cations on gastrointestinal absorption of ofloxacin A study was performed to establish the effect of Al3+ and Fe2+ cations on the absorption of ofloxacin when it is administered orally at a dose of 200 mg. The study was carried out with nine volunteers, who each received three treatments (A [200 mg of ofloxacin], B [200 mg of ofloxacin plus 11 g of colloidal aluminum phosphate], and C [200 mg of ofloxacin plus 1,050 mg of FeSO4]) according to a Latin square design; the washout period was 1 week. The analytical technique was a microbiological diffusion method. The pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated from the cumulative urinary excretion data and from a sigma- minus plot. The total amount of ofloxacin excreted in urine had a mean value of 163.59 +/- 22.13 mg when ofloxacin was administered alone, 152.41 +/- 18.76 mg when it was administered with Al3+, and 146.49 +/- 14.85 mg when it was administered with Fe2+. No statistically significant differences were found in the F values (fractions of dose absorbed) obtained with ofloxacin alone and ofloxacin plus Al3+ (P = 0.341). When ofloxacin alone was compared with joint administration with Fe2+ the value of F decreased 10.85%; this difference is statistically significant (P = 2.623 x 10(-2))  Stass H;Bottcher MF;Ochmann K, Clin Pharmacokinet, 2001, 40 Suppl 1:39-48; Evaluation of the influence of antacids and H2 antagonists on the absorption of moxifloxacin after oral administration of a 400mg dose to healthy volunteers OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of concomitant administration of the antacid Maalox 70 or the histamine H2 receptor antagonist ranitidine on the bioavailability of moxifloxacin. DESIGN: These were nonblinded, randomised, crossover studies performed in healthy volunteers. PARTICIPANTS: 24 healthy males aged 22 to 39 years (study 1; n = 12) and 24 to 43 years (study 2; n = 12) were included in these studies. METHODS: In study 1, 12 participants received ranitidine 150mg twice daily during a 3-day pretreatment phase and 1 tablet of ranitidine together with a single 400mg dose of moxifloxacin on the profile day. In study 2, 12 participants received a single 400mg dose of moxifloxacin alone (treatment A), simultaneously with Maalox 70 10ml (treatment B), or with Maalox 70 10ml given 4 hours before (treatment C) or 2 hours after (treatment D) the fluoroquinolone. In treatments B, C and D, administration of the antacid (10ml, 1 hour after each meal) was continued for 2 days. Plasma and urine samples were obtained for determination of the pharmacokinetic parameters of moxifloxacin. RESULTS: Coadministration of moxifloxacin with ranitidine showed lack of interaction for area under the plasma concentration-time curve extrapolated to infinity (AUCinfinity) [35.5 versus 34.3 mg/L x h with versus without ranitidine; relative bioavailability 103%, 90% confidence interval (CI) 97.7 to 109.3%] and maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) [2.98 versus 2.76 mg/L with versus without ranitidine; ratio 107.9%, 90% CI 90.5 to 128.6%]. When moxifloxacin was given simultaneously with Maalox 70, AUCinfinity ( 14.7 mg/L x h) and Cmax (1.00 mg/L) were reduced by approximately 60%. When the antacid was given 4 hours before or 2 hours after the fluoroquinolone, AUCinfinity values (28.0 and 26.7 versus 34.3 mg/L x h) were moderately reduced (by <27%), terminal elimination half-life values declined by approximately 24% (9.4 and 9.3 versus 12.3 hours) compared with moxifloxacin alone and Cmax values were almost unchanged (2.55 and 2.38 versus 2.57 mg/L). The mean bioavailabilities corrected for the elimination rate constants (lambdaz) were 101% (antacid given 4 hours before moxifloxacin) and 98% (antacid given 2 hours after moxifloxacin), indicating that Maalox 70 may interfere with the gastrointestinal recirculation of moxifloxacin. CONCLUSIONS: The bioavailability of moxifloxacin is not affected by concurrent administration of ranitidine. Absorption of moxifloxacin is impaired by concomitant administration of aluminium- and magnesium-containing antacids and administration of these agents should be staggered. An interval of 2 hours before or 4 hours after taking the antacid ensures that the effect of the interaction is not clinically relevant  Kato R;Ueno K;Imano H;Kawai M;Kuwahara S;Tsuchishita Y;Yonezawa E;Tanaka K, J Clin Pharmacol, 2002, 42:806-811; Impairment of ciprofloxacin absorption by calcium polycarbophil The effect of calcium polycarbophil on the absorption of ciprofloxacin, a broad-spectrum antibacterial agent, was evaluated in an in vitro and in vivo study. In the in vitro study, the release of ciprofloxacin from the cellulose membrane in the presence or absence of metal cations was measured using the dissolution test procedure. In the in vivo study, male ST Wistar rats and male volunteers were employed. First, 20 mg/kg of ciprofloxacin alone (Rat Study 1) or 20 mg/kg of ciprofloxacin in combination with 64 mg/kg of calcium chloride (Rat Study 2) was administered orally to 3 rats. Second, a volunteer study was employed and a randomized crossover design with twophases was used. In onephase, volunteers received 400 mg of ciprofloxacin alone (Study 1); in the other phase, they received 400 mg of ciprofloxacin and 1200 mg of fine calcium polycarbophil granules concomitantly (Study 2). The plasma and serum concentrations of ciprofloxacin were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography. The release of ciprofloxacin from the cellulose membrane in the presence of aluminum, calcium, or iron ions was slower than that in the absence of these metal ions. The AUC0-4 and Cmax in Rat Study 2 were lower than those respective values in Rat Study 1. AUC0-4 was approximately 60% lower in Rat Study 2 than Rat Study 1. In the volunteer study, the AUC0-12 and Cmax in Study 2 were lower than those respective values in Study 1. In particular, AUC0-12 was approximately 50% lowerin Study 2 than in Study 1. These findings suggest that when ciprofloxacin and calcium polycarbophil were coadministered concomitantly, a decrease of ciprofloxacin absorption was observed, and this action was caused by the formation of chelate complexes. Therefore, it seems clear that we should avoid the concomitant administration of ciprofloxacin and calcium polycarbophil  Akerele JO;Okhamafe AO, J Antimicrob Chemother, 1991, 28:87-94; Influence of oral co-administered metallic drugs on ofloxacin pharmacokinetics Following recent concern over probable interactions between the 4- quinolones and metal ions, the effect of co-administered drugs--sodium bicarbonate, potassium citrate, ferrous sulphate, magnesium trisilicate, calcium carbonate and aluminium hydroxide--on the saliva and urine pharmacokinetics of ofloxacin in healthy human volunteers has been investigated. The Cmax and AUC0-9 in saliva were generally in the range 1.05-1.40 mg/L and 4.89-6.16 mg.h/L, respectively, and were unaffected (P less than 0.05) by the metallic drugs, except aluminium hydroxide which lowered these values. Again, only aluminium hydroxide modified the Ka of ofloxacin, resulting in a slower absorption rate. However, none of the metallic drugs altered the T1/2 beta of the 4- quinolone in saliva. In-vitro studies using simulated gastric fluid showed that ferrous sulphate, aluminium hydroxide and calcium carbonate reduced ofloxacin availability to 67.4%, 69.3% and 73.8%, respectively. This effect was ascribed to the formation of complexes between ofloxacin and the metal ions concerned. Substantial correlation between in-vitro and in-vivo availability data was demonstrated in all cases except for ofloxacin combinations with ferrous sulphate and calcium carbonate. In general, there was also good correlation between the saliva and urine data  Nix DE;Wilton JH;Ronald B;Distlerath L;Williams VC;Norman A, Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1990, 34:432-435; Inhibition of norfloxacin absorption by antacids The effect of antacids on the systemic absorption of oral norfloxacin was evaluated in 12 healthy volunteers. Subjects were given each treatment in a balanced sequence at 7-day intervals. Treatments included 400 mg of norfloxacin alone, 400 mg of norfloxacin 5 min after aluminum-magnesium hydroxide (Maalox), Maalox 2 h after 400 mg of norfloxacin, and 400 mg of norfloxacin 5 min after calcium carbonate (Titralac). Blood and urine samples were collected at predetermined time intervals for 24 and 48 h, respectively. Norfloxacin concentrations in plasma and urine were determined by high-pressure liquid chromatography. The area under the plasma concentration-versus- time curve from time zero to infinity and urinary recovery were used to compare the relative bioavailability of norfloxacin with antacids with that of norfloxacin alone. Norfloxacin bioavailability was markedly reduced when subjects received antacid pretreatment. When norfloxacin was given 5 min after Maalox and Titralac, the bioavailabilities were 9.02 and 37.5%, respectively, relative to that for 400 mg of norfloxacin alone. When Maalox was given 2 h after norfloxacin, maximal concentrations of norfloxacin in plasma occurred between 1 and 1.5 h postdose, and absorption was reduced to a lesser extent, with a relative bioavailability of 81.31%. Norfloxacin concentrations in urine were also reduced as a result of antacid administration. Antacids containing aluminum and magnesium salts and calcium carbonate should be avoided by patients taking norfloxacin  Neuhofel AL;Wilton JH;Victory JM;Hejmanowsk LG;Amsden GW, J Clin Pharmacol, 2002, 42:461-466; Lack of bioequivalence of ciprofloxacin when administered with calcium-fortified orange juice: a new twist on an old interaction Fluoroquinolones are known to interact with drugs containing multivalent ions. Current Food and Drug Administration (FDA) labeling states that ciprofloxacin and most other fluoroquinolones are safe to be given with food and dietary calcium but not calcium supplements. Although many of the currently marketed calcium fortified foods have calcium contents that usually exceed those in dietary calcium sources, it is unclear whether they represent a risk for less than optimal absorption of fluoroquinolones, which may result in subsequent clinical failures due to lack of bacterial eradication and antibiotic resistance. The purpose of this three-way, randomized, crossover study was to characterize and compare the bioequivalence of single doses of oral ciprofloxacin in 15 healthy volunteers when administered with water, concurrently with orange juice, and concurrently with calcium-fortified orange juice. Compared to the control arm, the Cmax of ciprofloxacin significantly decreased when it was given with orange juice (23%, p = 0.001) and with calcium-fortified orange juice (41%, p < 0.001). Twenty-four-hour ciprofloxacin AUCs were also decreased for both forms of the orange juice (22% [p < 0.001] and 38% [p < 0.001], respectively). When compared to each other, neither of the orange juice regimens were bioequivalent to each other, with the Cmax and AUC for the fortified form being 22% (p = 0.005) and 21% (p = 0.015) lower than those of the nonfortified form. By FDA standards, although ciprofloxacin is marginally bioequivalent when administered with orange juice, it is not when it is administered with calcium-fortified orange juice. The changes in Cmax and AUC have the potential to significantly decrease clinical efficacy and promote antibiotic resistance. Not warning patients about potential food-drug interactions with fortified foods may be a major unrealized and unstudied inadvertent source of clinical failures and resistance trends with fluoroquinolones  Wallace AW;Victory JM;Amsden GW, J Clin Pharmacol, 2003, 43:539-544; Lack of bioequivalence when levofloxacin and calcium-fortified orange juice are coadministered to healthy volunteers Chelation interactions between drugs/supplements that contain large amounts of multivalent ions and the fluoroquinolones have been known for quite some time. However, there has been a lack of taking this interaction into account when they may be coadministered with foods that have been fortified with amounts of multiple multivalent ions that equal or exceed many supplement products. A previous study demonstrated that 12 ounces of calcium-fortified orange juice significantly decreased the bioequivalence of a dose of ciprofloxacin. This study examined, in 16 healthy volunteers, whether 12 ounces of orange juice with and without calcium fortification would demonstrate the same chelation interaction with single doses of levofloxacin. The results of the study demonstrated that both types of juice decreased levofloxacin Cmax values by 14% to 18% and prolonged tmax values by approximately 50%, with calcium-fortified orange juice decreasing Cmax enough to lose bioequivalence as compared to the control arm (89% [78.1%, 99.8%]). Due to the lack of change in overall exposure, it is thought that rather than a chelation interaction, levofloxacin and components of the orange juices competed for intestinal transport mechanisms such as P-glycoprotein and organic anion-transporting polypeptides, which resulted in the discovered interaction. These results further confirm the need to adjust regulatory studies to include bioequivalence/bioavailability studies that contain fortified foods more than high-calorie/high-fat foods to better reflect current American consumption habits  Noyes M;Polk RE, Ann Intern Med, 1988, 109:168-169; Norfloxacin and absorption of magnesium-aluminum [letter] Campbell NR;Kara M;Hasinoff BB;Haddara WM;McKay DW, Br J Clin Pharmacol, 1992, b, 33:115-116; Norfloxacin interaction with antacids and minerals The urinary excretion of norfloxacin was measured in eight healthy volunteers after its co-administration with a variety of over-the- counter preparations, each containing a different metal ion. Commonly used doses of ferrous sulphate, zinc sulphate, aluminium hydroxide and magnesium hydroxide reduced the 24 h urinary excretion of norfloxacin by 50 to 90%. Bismuth subsalicylate had no significant effect. In vitro experiments demonstrated the formation of complexes between norfloxacin and iron, zinc, aluminium, and magnesium ions, respectively. Many pharmaceuticals contain the same metal ions that caused significant interactions with norfloxacin. The efficacy of norfloxacin treatment may be compromised when it is taken concurrently with preparations containing these metal ions Maesen FP;Davies BI;Geraedts WH;Sumajow CA, J Antimicrob Chemother, 1987, 19:848-850; Ofloxacin and antacids [letter] Hoffken G;Borner K;Glatzel PD;Koeppe P;Lode H, Eur J Clin Microbiol, 1985, 4:345; Reduced enteral absorption of ciprofloxacin in the presence of antacids Sahai J;Healy DP;Stotka J;Polk RE, Br J Clin Pharmacol, 1993, 35:302-304; The influence of chronic administration of calcium carbonate on the bioavailability of oral ciprofloxacin Six healthy male volunteers participated in a two-period, two-treatment study to determine the effect of chronic calcium carbonate administration on ciprofloxacin bioavailability. There was a mean reduction of 40% in Cmax and 43% in AUC when calcium carbonate was administered with ciprofloxacin, compared with ciprofloxacin alone (P < 0.05). There were no changes in either half-life or tmax. It is therefore recommended that patients being treated with ciprofloxacin for serious infections refrain from ingesting calcium supplements. If this is not possible, administration of ciprofloxacin 2 h before ingestion of the supplement is suggested

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